User:Ewingdo/sandbox/list of cardiology clinical trials
< User:Ewingdo | sandbox
Acute Coronary Syndrome / Coronary Artery Disease
- ACCOAST determine if pretreatment with prasugrel is superior to treatment with prasugrel selectively after percutaneous coronary intervention.[2]
- ASCERT observational study comparing survival in patients undergoing PCI vs CABG.[3]
- Aspirin and heparin in acute unstable angina - [4]
- ATLAS-ACS-2-TIMI-51 - [5]
- AUGUSTUS Apixaban and antiplatelet therapy for Afib + CAD[6]
- BARI - [7]
- BARI-2D - [8]
- BASKET-PROVE Drug-eluting coronary stents vs bare-metal stents[9]
- CADILLAC
- CLARITY-TIMI 28 Clopidogrel + aspirin and fibrinolysis in STEMI[10]
- COMMIT Beta-blockers in patients with MI[11]
- COURAGE PCI vs medical therapy for stable CAD[12]
- CURE Clopidogrel + aspirin in NSTEMI[13]
- CURRENT-OASIS-7
- DANAMI-2 PCI vs fibrinolysis in MI[14]
- DIGAMI
- DIGAMI-2
- EPHESUS
- FAME-2
- FREEDOM Multivessel CAD in diabetics[15]
- GISSI-1
- GISSI-2
- GISSI-3
- GISSI Prevention
- GUSTO Thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction[16]
- HEAT-PPCI
- HOPE ACE-I effect on CV outcomes[17]
- HORIZONS-AMI
- ISIS-1
- ISIS-2
- ISIS-4
- MRFIT - randomized primary prevention trial to test the effect of a multifactor intervention program on mortality from coronary heart disease. Men were randomly assigned either to a special intervention program consisting of stepped-care treatment for hypertension, counseling for cigarette smoking, and dietary advice for lowering blood cholesterol levels, or to their usual sources of health care.[18]
- NORDISTEMI
- OASIS-5
- OASIS-6
- ONTARGET
- PIONEER AF-PCI Rivoraxaban and antiplatelet therapy for Afib + CAD[19]
- PLATO Ticagrelor vs clopidogrel in ACS[20]
- PRAMI
- PRODIGY
- RITA-3
- RIVAL
- SYNTAX PCI vs CABG for severe CAD[21]
- TACTICS-TIMI-18
- TAPAS
- TIMACS Early vs delayed PCI in ACS[22]
- TIMI score study - [23]
- TRILOGY-ACS
- TRITON-TIMI 38 Prasugrel vs clopidogrel in ACS[24]
Hypertension
- ACCOMPLISH Benazepril + amlodipine for hypertension
- ALLHAT ACE-Is, CCBs, and thiazides for hypertension[25]
- DASH Diet for hypertension
- DASH-Sodium
- HYVET Managing hypertension in the elderly
- IDNT ARBs for diabetic nephropathy
- LIFE
- OmniCarb
- OmniHeart
- PROGRESS
- SHEP Benefit of treating HTN to reduce stroke risk
- SPRINT Intensive BP control[26]
- Symplicity HTN-2
- Symplicity HTN-3
- Syst-Eur
- TOHP 1 Non-pharmacological interventions for BP control
- VALUE
Lipids
- 4S Trial - multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that studied the use of the cholesterol-lowering drug, simvastatin, in people with a moderately raised cholesterol and coronary heart disease.
- AIM-HIGH Niacin for HDL levels[27]
- CARDS
- CORONA
- ENHANCE
- HATS - double-blind trial that studied people with coronary heart disease and compared a combination of simvastatin and niacin with antioxidant vitamin therapy.
- HPS - randomized controlled trial that studied the use of the cholesterol lowering drug, simvastatin and vitamin supplementation in people who were at risk of cardiovascular disease.
- IMPROVE-IT
- JUPITER - clinical trial aimed at evaluating whether statins reduce heart attacks and strokes in people with normal cholesterol levels.
- PROVE-IT TIMI 22 - randomized, double-blind, clinical trial that compared intensive vs. moderate dose statin therapy immediately after a heart attack.[28]
- SATURN
- WOSCOPS - randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that compared the cholesterol lowering drug pravastatin in patients with no previous history of a heart attack.[29]
Heart Failure
- A-HeFT Isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine for heart failure
- BEAUTIFUL
- CARRESS-HF
- CHARM
- CIBIS-II
- COMET
- CONSENSUS ACE-Is for heart failure
- COPERNICUS Carvedilol for heart failure
- DAPA HF Dapagliflozin in CHF
- DIG - [30]
- DOSE Diuretics for acute heart failure
- EMPEROR Reduced Empagliflozin in CHF
- EMPHASIS-HF Eplerenone for heart failure
- HARPS
- HEARTMATE II LVAD for advanced HF
- I-PRESERVE
- MADIT - implantable cardioverter defibrillator (or ICD) trials which investigate whether prophylactic ICD therapy in moderately high-risk coronary patients (in addition to conventional therapy) would significantly reduce death compared with patients treated with conventional therapy alone.
- MADIT II ICD for heart failure with reduced EF
- MADIT CRT CRT-D for heart failure with reduced EF
- MERIT-HF Metoprolol for heart failure
- PARADIGM-HF Sacubitril-valsartan for CHF[31]
- RALES Spironolactone for heart failure
- REMATCH
- SAVE ACE-Is for LV dysfunction
- SCD-HeFT
- SHIFT
- SOLVD
- STITCH
- Val-HEFT ARB for heart failure
- WARCF
Arrhythmias
- ACUTE TEE for Afib cardioversion
- AFFIRM Rate control vs rhythm control for Afib
- AFIRE Rivaroxaban for Afib + stable CAD
- APAF
- ARISTOTLE Apixaban vs warfarin for Afib
- ATHENA
- AUGUSTUS Anticoagulation + DAPT for CAD
- BRIDGE Perioperative anticoagulation bridging for Afib
- CAST - [32][33]
- CAST II - [34]
- CASTLE AF - [35]
- Early AF -[36]
- EAST AFNET - [37]
- LAAOS 3 -
- MANTRA-PAF
- PALLAS
- PINNACLE FLX - [38]
- PIONEER AF-PCI Rivaroxaban + DAPT for Afib + CAD
- PRAGUE 17 -
- PREVAIL -
- PROTECT AF -
- RACE-II
- RAFT-AF - [39]
- RE-LY
- ROCKET-AF
- SPAF
- SPAF-III Warfarin dosing for Afib
- SPAF-II
- START AF / STAR AF 2
- STOP AF - [40]
- SWISS APERO - [41]
- ThermoCool-AF
Valvular diseases
- PARTNER A – TAVR in high-risk patients
- PARTNER 3 – TAVR in low-risk patients
- COAPT – Transcatheter mitral valve repair
- EASE – Surgery for infective endocarditis
See also
References
- ^ Maron, David J.; Hochman, Judith S.; Reynolds, Harmony R.; Bangalore, Sripal; O’Brien, Sean M.; Boden, William E.; Chaitman, Bernard R.; Senior, Roxy; López-Sendón, Jose; Alexander, Karen P.; Lopes, Renato D.; Shaw, Leslee J.; Berger, Jeffrey S.; Newman, Jonathan D.; Sidhu, Mandeep S.; Goodman, Shaun G.; Ruzyllo, Witold; Gosselin, Gilbert; Maggioni, Aldo P.; White, Harvey D.; Bhargava, Balram; Min, James K.; Mancini, G.B. John; Berman, Daniel S.; Picard, Michael H.; Kwong, Raymond Y.; Ali, Ziad A.; Mark, Daniel B.; Spertus, John A.; Krishnan, Mangalath N.; Elghamaz, Ahmed; Moorthy, Nagaraja; Hueb, Whady A.; Demkow, Marcin; Mavromatis, Kreton; Bockeria, Olga; Peteiro, Jesus; Miller, Todd D.; Szwed, Hanna; Doerr, Rolf; Keltai, Matyas; Selvanayagam, Joseph B.; Steg, P. Gabriel; Held, Claes; Kohsaka, Shun; Mavromichalis, Stavroula; Kirby, Ruth; Jeffries, Neal O.; Harrell, Frank E.; Rockhold, Frank W.; Broderick, Samuel; Ferguson, T. Bruce; Williams, David O.; Harrington, Robert A.; Stone, Gregg W.; Rosenberg, Yves (9 April 2020). "Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (15): 1395–1407. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1915922.
- ^ Montalescot, Gilles; Bolognese, Leonardo; Dudek, Dariusz; Goldstein, Patrick; Hamm, Christian; Tanguay, Jean-Francois; ten Berg, Jurrien M.; Miller, Debra L.; Costigan, Timothy M.; Goedicke, Jochen; Silvain, Johanne; Angioli, Paolo; Legutko, Jacek; Niethammer, Margit; Motovska, Zuzana; Jakubowski, Joseph A.; Cayla, Guillaume; Visconti, Luigi Oltrona; Vicaut, Eric; Widimsky, Petr (12 September 2013). "Pretreatment with Prasugrel in Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (11): 999–1010. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1308075.
- ^ Weintraub, William S.; Grau-Sepulveda, Maria V.; Weiss, Jocelyn M.; O'Brien, Sean M.; Peterson, Eric D.; Kolm, Paul; Zhang, Zugui; Klein, Lloyd W.; Shaw, Richard E.; McKay, Charles; Ritzenthaler, Laura L.; Popma, Jeffrey J.; Messenger, John C.; Shahian, David M.; Grover, Frederick L.; Mayer, John E.; Shewan, Cynthia M.; Garratt, Kirk N.; Moussa, Issam D.; Dangas, George D.; Edwards, Fred H. (19 April 2012). "Comparative Effectiveness of Revascularization Strategies". New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (16): 1467–1476. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110717.
- ^ Théroux, Pierre; Ouimet, Hélène; McCans, John; Latour, Jean-Gilles; Joly, Patrick; Lévy, Gilles; Pelletier, Edouard; Juneau, Martin; Stasiak, Jérôme; deGuise, Pierre; Pelletier, Guy B.; Rinzler, David; Waters, David D. (27 October 1988). "Aspirin, Heparin, or Both to Treat Acute Unstable Angina". New England Journal of Medicine. 319 (17): 1105–1111. doi:10.1056/NEJM198810273191701.
- ^ Mega, Jessica L.; Braunwald, Eugene; Wiviott, Stephen D.; Bassand, Jean-Pierre; Bhatt, Deepak L.; Bode, Christoph; Burton, Paul; Cohen, Marc; Cook-Bruns, Nancy; Fox, Keith A.A.; Goto, Shinya; Murphy, Sabina A.; Plotnikov, Alexei N.; Schneider, David; Sun, Xiang; Verheugt, Freek W.A.; Gibson, C. Michael (5 January 2012). "Rivaroxaban in Patients with a Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome". New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1112277.
- ^ Lopes, Renato D.; Heizer, Gretchen; Aronson, Ronald; Vora, Amit N.; Massaro, Tyler; Mehran, Roxana; Goodman, Shaun G.; Windecker, Stephan; Darius, Harald; Li, Jia; Averkov, Oleg; Bahit, M. Cecilia; Berwanger, Otavio; Budaj, Andrzej; Hijazi, Ziad; Parkhomenko, Alexander; Sinnaeve, Peter; Storey, Robert F.; Thiele, Holger; Vinereanu, Dragos; Granger, Christopher B.; Alexander, John H. (18 April 2019). "Antithrombotic Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndrome or PCI in Atrial Fibrillation". New England Journal of Medicine. 380 (16): 1509–1524. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1817083.
- ^ Chaitman, Bernard R.; Rosen, Allan D.; Williams, David O.; Bourassa, Martial G.; Aguirre, Frank V.; Pitt, Bertram; Rautaharju, Pentti M.; Rogers, William J.; Sharaf, Barry; Attubato, Michael; Hardison, Regina M.; Srivatsa, Sanjay; Kouchoukos, Nicholas T.; Stocke, Karen; Sopko, George; Detre, Katherine; Frye, Robert (7 October 1997). "Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Mortality in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) Randomized Trial". Circulation. 96 (7): 2162–2170. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.96.7.2162.
- ^ "A Randomized Trial of Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (24): 2503–2515. 11 June 2009. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805796.
- ^ Kaiser, Christoph; Galatius, Soeren; Erne, Paul; Eberli, Franz; Alber, Hannes; Rickli, Hans; Pedrazzini, Giovanni; Hornig, Burkhard; Bertel, Osmund; Bonetti, Piero; De Servi, Stefano; Brunner-La Rocca, Hans-Peter; Ricard, Ingrid; Pfisterer, Matthias (9 December 2010). "Drug-Eluting versus Bare-Metal Stents in Large Coronary Arteries". New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (24): 2310–2319. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1009406.
- ^ Sabatine, Marc S.; Cannon, Christopher P.; Gibson, C. Michael; López-Sendón, Jose L.; Montalescot, Gilles; Theroux, Pierre; Claeys, Marc J.; Cools, Frank; Hill, Karen A.; Skene, Allan M.; McCabe, Carolyn H.; Braunwald, Eugene (24 March 2005). "Addition of Clopidogrel to Aspirin and Fibrinolytic Therapy for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation". New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (12): 1179–1189. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa050522.
- ^ Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, Xie JX, Liu LS (November 2005). "Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45 852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial". The Lancet. 366 (9497): 1622–1632. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67661-1.
- ^ Boden, William E.; O'Rourke, Robert A.; Teo, Koon K.; Hartigan, Pamela M.; Maron, David J.; Kostuk, William J.; Knudtson, Merril; Dada, Marcin; Casperson, Paul; Harris, Crystal L.; Chaitman, Bernard R.; Shaw, Leslee; Gosselin, Gilbert; Nawaz, Shah; Title, Lawrence M.; Gau, Gerald; Blaustein, Alvin S.; Booth, David C.; Bates, Eric R.; Spertus, John A.; Berman, Daniel S.; Mancini, G.B. John; Weintraub, William S. (12 April 2007). "Optimal Medical Therapy with or without PCI for Stable Coronary Disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (15): 1503–1516. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa070829.
- ^ "Effects of Clopidogrel in Addition to Aspirin in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes without ST-Segment Elevation". New England Journal of Medicine. 345 (7): 494–502. 16 August 2001. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010746.
- ^ Andersen, Henning R.; Nielsen, Torsten T.; Rasmussen, Klaus; Thuesen, Leif; Kelbaek, Henning; Thayssen, Per; Abildgaard, Ulrik; Pedersen, Flemming; Madsen, Jan K.; Grande, Peer; Villadsen, Anton B.; Krusell, Lars R.; Haghfelt, Torben; Lomholt, Preben; Husted, Steen E.; Vigholt, Else; Kjaergard, Henrik K.; Mortensen, Leif Spange (21 August 2003). "A Comparison of Coronary Angioplasty with Fibrinolytic Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction". New England Journal of Medicine. 349 (8): 733–742. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa025142.
- ^ Farkouh, Michael E.; Domanski, Michael; Sleeper, Lynn A.; Siami, Flora S.; Dangas, George; Mack, Michael; Yang, May; Cohen, David J.; Rosenberg, Yves; Solomon, Scott D.; Desai, Akshay S.; Gersh, Bernard J.; Magnuson, Elizabeth A.; Lansky, Alexandra; Boineau, Robin; Weinberger, Jesse; Ramanathan, Krishnan; Sousa, J. Eduardo; Rankin, Jamie; Bhargava, Balram; Buse, John; Hueb, Whady; Smith, Craig R.; Muratov, Victoria; Bansilal, Sameer; King, Spencer; Bertrand, Michel; Fuster, Valentin (20 December 2012). "Strategies for Multivessel Revascularization in Patients with Diabetes". New England Journal of Medicine. 367 (25): 2375–2384. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211585.
- ^ "An International Randomized Trial Comparing Four Thrombolytic Strategies for Acute Myocardial Infarction". New England Journal of Medicine. 329 (10): 673–682. 2 September 1993. doi:10.1056/NEJM199309023291001.
- ^ Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G (20 January 2000). "Effects of an Angiotensin-Converting–Enzyme Inhibitor, Ramipril, on Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Patients". New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (3): 145–153. doi:10.1056/NEJM200001203420301.
- ^ "Multiple risk factor intervention trial. Risk factor changes and mortality results. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group". JAMA. 248 (12): 1465–77. 24 September 1982. PMID 7050440.
- ^ Gibson, C. Michael; Mehran, Roxana; Bode, Christoph; Halperin, Jonathan; Verheugt, Freek W.; Wildgoose, Peter; Birmingham, Mary; Ianus, Juliana; Burton, Paul; van Eickels, Martin; Korjian, Serge; Daaboul, Yazan; Lip, Gregory Y.H.; Cohen, Marc; Husted, Steen; Peterson, Eric D.; Fox, Keith A. (22 December 2016). "Prevention of Bleeding in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing PCI". New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (25): 2423–2434. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1611594.
- ^ Wallentin, Lars; Becker, Richard C.; Budaj, Andrzej; Cannon, Christopher P.; Emanuelsson, Håkan; Held, Claes; Horrow, Jay; Husted, Steen; James, Stefan; Katus, Hugo; Mahaffey, Kenneth W.; Scirica, Benjamin M.; Skene, Allan; Steg, Philippe Gabriel; Storey, Robert F.; Harrington, Robert A. (10 September 2009). "Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes". New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (11): 1045–1057. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0904327.
- ^ Serruys, Patrick W.; Morice, Marie-Claude; Kappetein, A. Pieter; Colombo, Antonio; Holmes, David R.; Mack, Michael J.; Ståhle, Elisabeth; Feldman, Ted E.; van den Brand, Marcel; Bass, Eric J.; Van Dyck, Nic; Leadley, Katrin; Dawkins, Keith D.; Mohr, Friedrich W. (5 March 2009). "Percutaneous Coronary Intervention versus Coronary-Artery Bypass Grafting for Severe Coronary Artery Disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (10): 961–972. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0804626.
- ^ Mehta, Shamir R.; Granger, Christopher B.; Boden, William E.; Steg, Philippe Gabriel; Bassand, Jean-Pierre; Faxon, David P.; Afzal, Rizwan; Chrolavicius, Susan; Jolly, Sanjit S.; Widimsky, Petr; Avezum, Alvaro; Rupprecht, Hans-Jurgen; Zhu, Jun; Col, Jacques; Natarajan, Madhu K.; Horsman, Craig; Fox, Keith A.A.; Yusuf, Salim (21 May 2009). "Early versus Delayed Invasive Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndromes". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (21): 2165–2175. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0807986.
- ^ Antman, Elliott M.; Cohen, Marc; Bernink, Peter J. L. M.; McCabe, Carolyn H.; Horacek, Thomas; Papuchis, Gary; Mautner, Branco; Corbalan, Ramon; Radley, David; Braunwald, Eugene (16 August 2000). "The TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina/Non–ST Elevation MI: A Method for Prognostication and Therapeutic Decision Making". JAMA. 284 (7): 835. doi:10.1001/jama.284.7.835.
- ^ Wiviott, Stephen D.; Braunwald, Eugene; McCabe, Carolyn H.; Montalescot, Gilles; Ruzyllo, Witold; Gottlieb, Shmuel; Neumann, Franz-Joseph; Ardissino, Diego; De Servi, Stefano; Murphy, Sabina A.; Riesmeyer, Jeffrey; Weerakkody, Govinda; Gibson, C. Michael; Antman, Elliott M. (15 November 2007). "Prasugrel versus Clopidogrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes". New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (20): 2001–2015. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0706482.
- ^ "Major Outcomes in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients Randomized to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Calcium Channel Blocker vs Diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 288 (23): 2981–2997. 18 December 2002. doi:10.1001/jama.288.23.2981.
- ^ "A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (22): 2103–2116. 26 November 2015. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1511939.
- ^ Boden, William E; Probstfield, Jeffrey L; Anderson, Todd; Chaitman, Bernard R; Desvignes-Nickens, Patrice; Koprowicz, Kent; McBride, Ruth; Teo, Koon; Weintraub, William (15 December 2011). "Niacin in Patients with Low HDL Cholesterol Levels Receiving Intensive Statin Therapy". New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (24): 2255–2267. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1107579.
- ^ Cannon, Christopher P.; Braunwald, Eugene; McCabe, Carolyn H.; Rader, Daniel J.; Rouleau, Jean L.; Belder, Rene; Joyal, Steven V.; Hill, Karen A.; Pfeffer, Marc A.; Skene, Allan M. (8 April 2004). "Intensive versus Moderate Lipid Lowering with Statins after Acute Coronary Syndromes". New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (15): 1495–1504. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040583.
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- ^ Echt, Debra S.; Liebson, Philip R.; Mitchell, L. Brent; Peters, Robert W.; Obias-Manno, Dulce; Barker, Allan H.; Arensberg, Daniel; Baker, Andrea; Friedman, Lawrence; Greene, H. Leon; Huther, Melissa L.; Richardson, David W. (21 March 1991). "Mortality and Morbidity in Patients Receiving Encainide, Flecainide, or Placebo: The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial". New England Journal of Medicine. 324 (12): 781–788. doi:10.1056/NEJM199103213241201.
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- ^ Marrouche, Nassir F.; Brachmann, Johannes; Andresen, Dietrich; Siebels, Jürgen; Boersma, Lucas; Jordaens, Luc; Merkely, Béla; Pokushalov, Evgeny; Sanders, Prashanthan; Proff, Jochen; Schunkert, Heribert; Christ, Hildegard; Vogt, Jürgen; Bänsch, Dietmar (February 2018). "Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation with Heart Failure". New England Journal of Medicine. 378 (5): 417–427. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1707855.
- ^ Andrade, Jason G.; Wells, George A.; Deyell, Marc W.; Bennett, Matthew; Essebag, Vidal; Champagne, Jean; Roux, Jean-Francois; Yung, Derek; Skanes, Allan; Khaykin, Yaariv; Morillo, Carlos; Jolly, Umjeet; Novak, Paul; Lockwood, Evan; Amit, Guy; Angaran, Paul; Sapp, John; Wardell, Stephan; Lauck, Sandra; Macle, Laurent; Verma, Atul (28 January 2021). "Cryoablation or Drug Therapy for Initial Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation". New England Journal of Medicine. 384 (4): 305–315. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2029980.
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